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with GPS, Terrestrial Positioning,
and Managing Location Information
David H. Williams
Gerry Christensen
190 Pages
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No attribute is more distinguishing and valuable to mobile network operators
and their constituents (customers, suppliers, and investors) than customer
location information. Many people do not understand the underlying technologies
necessary to position wireless devices, render the raw positioning data
into usable location information, manage location information, place the
information into context through Geographic Information Systems (GIS),
and the issues associated with the use of location information by consuming
LBS applications. This publication provides the reader with an easy to
understand, step-by-step approach to location determination and management
- crucial knowledge for exploiting location as a value-added service enabler
for mobile communications.
Features and Benefits
This publication
will answer your most important questions including:
- What are the primary positioning technologies for cellular communications
and how do they work?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of various positioning methods for
various types of location-based services (LBS)?
- What is Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and why is important to
positioning, location management, and LBS?
- What are the standards-based means for managing location
information?
Target Audience for this Publication
- Entrepreneurs and investors in the LBS applications and services industry
- Infrastructure and service providers in the positioning and location
management sector
- Wireless carriers and location-based services providers
- Engineers, planners, product managers, and business development
personnel
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Table of Contents
Introduction
1.1. Overall Purpose
1.2 Why Is Mobile Positioning and Location
Management Important?
2. Mobile Positioning Technologies
2.1
Position versus Location
2.2 Introduction To Positioning
2.3 Location
Determination Methods (Non-Telephony)
2.3.1 Landmarks
2.3.2 Dead
Reckoning
2.3.3 Celestial Navigation
2.3.4 Magnetic Tracking
2.4
Location Determination Methods for Mobile Applications
2.4.1 Location
Positioning Determination Technologies
2.4.1.1 Satellite-Types Overview
2.4.1.1.1 Geostationary Satellites
2.4.1.1.2 Medium Earth Orbits
2.4.1.1.3 Low Earth Orbit Satellites
2.4.1.1.4 Elliptical Orbit
Satellites
2.4.1.2 The Global Positioning System
2.4.1.2.1 Overview
2.4.1.2.2 GPS Coverage
2.4.1.2.3 GPS Calculations
2.4.1.2.3.1
Satellite Position
Determination
2.4.1.2.3.2 GPS Device Distance From A
Satellite Calculation
2.4.1.2.3.3 GPS Device Location Calculation
2.4.1.2.3.4 GPS Error Sources
Selective Availability
Tropospheric Delays
Ionosphere Delays
Multi-Path Delays
GDOP/Visibility Delay
2.4.1.2.3.5 GPS Calculation Refinement
Pseudo-Ranges
Differential Correction
WAAS
2.4.1.2.3.6 Other
Considerations
Alternatives to GPS
Time To First Fix
Cold
Start
Autonomous Start
Warm Start
Hot Start
Obscuration
2.4.1.2.3.7 GPS Technical Data
2.4.1.2.4 Assisted GPS
2.4.1.2.4.1
A-GPS Historical Background
2.4.1.2.4.2 How A-GPS Works
2.4.1.2.5
GPS-Based Mobile Applications
2.4.1.2.5.1 Overview
2.4.1.2.5.2 Critical
Success
Factors
2.4.1.2.5.3 Business Case Development
2.4.1.3
Terrestrial Network-Based Location Technologies
2.4.1.3.1 Overview
2.4.1.3.2 GSM
2.4.1.3.2.1 History of GSM
2.4.1.3.2.2 GSM
Architecture
Mobile Station
Base Station Subsystem
BTS
BSC
LMU
Network and Switching Subsystem
MSC
HLR
VLR
EIR
SMLC
GMLC
Operations and Support Subsystem
2.4.1.3.2.3 GSM
Location Management (Cell Handover for LBS)
2.4.1.3.2.4 GSM Basic Location
Management
Cell ID
Cell and Sector
Timing Advance
2.4.1.3.3 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Angle of Arrival (AOA)
2.4.1.3.4 What Happened to Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD) . 108
2.4.1.3.5 E-OTD versus TDOA
2.4.1.3.6 Comparing Handset-Based and
Network-Based Location Strategies. 113
2.4.1.4 RFID
2.4.1.4.1 RFID
Overview
2.4.1.4.2 RFID Applications
2.4.1.4.3 RFID Dimensions
2.4.1.4.4 The Strategic Implications of Wal-Mart's RFID Mandate
2.4.1.5
Wi-Fi
2.4.1.5.1 Wi-Fi/802.11 Overview
2.4.1.5.1.1 FHSS
2.4.1.5.1.2
DSSS
2.4.1.5.2 Specifications Overview
2.4.1.5.2.1 801.11
2.4.1.5.2.2 802.11a
2.4.1.5.2.3 802.11b
2.4.1.5.2.4 802.11g
2.4.1.5.3 Wi-Fi Location Technology
2.4.1.5.3.1 Received Signal Strength
(RSSI)
2.4.1.5.3.2 Pattern Matching
2.4.1.5.3.3 Wireless Grid
2.4.1.5.4 Wi-Fi Location-Enabled Applications
3. Geographical
Information systems
3.1 What is a Geographical Information System?
3.2 GIS Components
3.2.1 Attribute Data
3.2.2 Feature Representation
3.2.3 Spatial Relationships and Analysis
3.2.4 Coordinate Systems and
Map Projection
3.2.5 Spatial Data Encoding
3.2.5.1 Vector Data
3.2.5.2 Raster Data
3.2.5.2.1 Quadtrees
3.2.6 GIS Data Manipulation
3.2.7 Management and Processing of GIS Data for MLS
3.2.8 GIS Data
Management
3.2.9 GIS Data Processing
3.2.10 GIS in the MLS Architecture
3.2.11 MLS Application Management Issues
3.2.11.1 GIS Data Provisioning
3.2.11.2 Application Provisioning
3.2.11.3 Application Administration
3.2.11.4 Subscriber Provisioning
3.2.12 MLS Application GIS Data
Processing
3.2.13 MLS Applications
3.2.13.1 Special Features Supported
by GIS Data Processing
3.2.13.2 GIS Post-Processing Event Analysis
3.2.13.3 Event Logging
4. Location Management
4.1 The
Location Management Function
4.1.1 LM in MLS Architecture
4.1.2
Detailing with Simultaneous IDE and MLS Applications. xxx
4.2 Positioning
Sub-Systems
4.2.1 Obtaining Positioning Data
4.2.2 Position Calculation
Function
4.2.3 Conversion of Position Data Into Useful Location information
4.2.4 Intelligent PDE Selection
4.2.5 Caching Location Information
4.2.6 Best Selection Process
4.2.7 Determination Of Available PDE
4.3 MLS Client Control Subsystem
4.3.1 Clients vs. Subscribers
4.3.2
Different Types of MLS Client
4.3.3 MLS Applications, Services, and Content
4.3.4 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
4.3.4.1
Authentication and Authorization
4.3.4.2 Accounting
4.3.5
Personalization
4.3.5.1 Privacy
4.3.5.1.1 Identity Privacy
4.3.5.2
Profiling
4.3.6 Quality of Service
4.3.7 QoS Management Based on
Priority
4.3.8 LM Response Information to a MLS Client
4.3.8.1
Successful Location Request
4.4 On-Demand and Periodic Location Request
4.5 Location Request Use Cases
4.5.1 Mobile Originated Location Request
(MO-LR)
4.5.2 Mobile Terminated Location Request (MT-LR)
4.5.3 Network
Initiated Location Request (NI-LR)
4.6 Standard Location Management
Infrastructure
4.6.1 ANSI Standard Location Management Infrastructure
4.6.2 GSM Standard Location Management Infrastructure
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David H.
Williams
David Hilliard Williams is an internationally-known expert in the wireless/mobile communications field. His particular specialty is in Wireless Location, including Wireless 911 (E911), Location-Based Services, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and location-related Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). He has developed industry-leading business and technology strategies and implementation approaches in these areas and provides consulting services to some of the leading enterprises in the U.S., South America, and Europe. Mr. Williams is a member of the Association of Public Safety Communications Officers (APCO) and the National Emergency Number Association (NENA).
Mr. Williams has over
16 years of consulting experience working at the most senior executive levels.
Prior to founding E911-LBS Consulting, Mr. Williams was an Associate Partner
with Accenture, the world's largest technology consulting firm, and served as
Practice Director for inCode Wireless. He has also worked for Booz, Allen,
& Hamilton and Deloitte Consulting. He started his career as an electrical
engineer for Hughes Electronics.
Mr. Williams has an MBA in Information
Systems Management from The University of Texas at Austin, and a Bachelor of
Science in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University.
He is
married with four children, and resides in Wilton, Connecticut.
David
is available to answer questions and offer related consulting and training as
well as independent and customized research. David@MindCommerce.com |
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Gerry Christensen
Gerry Christensen is well known in telecommunications within his
fields of expertise and is commonly a lecturer at many conferences and
exhibitions. He is inventor of a patent pending system for delivery of
identity information to wireless data devices. He is a board member of the Mobile Marketing
Association and supports various industry initiatives within wireless
communications. Mr. Christensen has been
published in many periodicals, reports, and books including Wireless Intelligent Networking. He has
also been a registered professional engineer since 1995.
Mr. Christensen has over 17 years of
experience in planning, engineering, product management and business
development for signaling networks, intelligent networks, and wireless
communications networks. Range of experience spans fixed and wireless network
operators, service bureau, and value-added application provider companies.
Specialized technology and applications experience in the areas of mobile
location services/technology, mobile messaging services, and prepaid wireless.
He has worked for leading
telecommunication companies including VeriSign, Iluminet, SignalSoft, and Bell
South Cellular. He started his career as a traffic engineer for BellSouth
Telecommunications.
Mr. Christensen has an MBA in Information Systems Management from Auburn
University, and a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering from the
University of Florida. He is married with two children, and resides
in Louisville, Colorado. |
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